Nekaris, K.A.I. October 2020. The average worker in the DRC makes $10 a month, whereas a miner can make between $10 to $50 per week. 2019. With appropriate scaling up, improved access to inexpensive domestic meat will extend beyond the household level to mine sites. Please make your voice heard by signing our petition to U.S. Customs to improve security and prevent the illegal . GROWING COMMERCE IN BUSHMEAT; Article in African Primates In modern discourse, however, it is commonly used when discussing the trapping and killing of animals in the African savannas for sale. Taedoumg, Hermann You should do extensive research about Coltan before you buy it. The debate over conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo has been widely reported, and it has been acknowledged that the abolition of artisanal mining would result in the loss of livelihoods of millions of small-scale miners, while fuelling conflict as armed groups battle to retain the resource for revenue (D'Souza, Reference D'Souza2003; Cuvelier, Reference Cuvelier2010; Ingram et al., Reference Ingram, Tieguhong, Schure, Nkamgnia and Tadjuidje2011; de Koning, Reference de Koning2011; Matthysen & Montejano, Reference Matthysen and Montejano2013; Geenen, Reference Geenen2014). When miners were asked which livelihood activity their family was most dependent on, 72% stated mining, whereas 13% relied primarily on agriculture, 13% on commerce and 2% on hunting. Coltan Mining. bushmeat: [noun] meat obtained by hunting wild animals especially in Africa and Asia. We found significant differences between groupements in motivations for hunting and preferences for bushmeat vs domestic meat, and therefore interventions should be designed at this level if they are to address the root drivers of bushmeat hunting. Coltan is a dull black metallic ore consisting of two minerals, columbite and tantalite. Rwanda tops the world's coltan (columbite-tantalite) exports Rylands, Anthony B. If you believe you have found an inaccuracy. Has data issue: true Mining + Fossil Fuels Flashcards | Quizlet Taylor, David and Schwitzer, Christoph Long-term spatio-temporal changes in a West African bushmeat trade system Sonter, Laura J. 06 August 2018. Local perceptions of two humanitarian organisations in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Research on Sub-Saharan Africa's unrecorded international trade: some methodological and conceptual problems, Relations and regulations in local gold trade networks in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, A dangerous bet: the challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo, African Artisanal Mining From the Inside Out: access, norms and power in Congo's gold sector, Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness, The impact of social structure on economic outcomes, Kinship, contract, and trust: the economic organization of migrants in a city slum, Trust: making and breaking cooperative relations, Collecting data in artisanal and small-scale mining communities: measuring progress towards more sustainable livelihoods, Disaster, Conflict and Society in Crises: everyday politics of crisis response, People, Aid and Institutions in Socio-economic Recovery: facing fragilities. Table 2 Mean sale price of cassiterite, coltan and gold at various points along the value chain. Security analysts say it is a strategic mineral. Type of population. Mean sale price of cassiterite, coltan and gold at various points along the value chain. PASA is working hard to get the message out about the threat of bushmeat and there are ways for you to help. [1] Reflections on the ethnography of aid policy and practice, Dbrouillardise: certifying conflict-free minerals in a context of regulatory pluralism in South Kivu, DR Congo, Protection for sale? As the civil war rages on and military forces grapple over natural resources, indigenous Mbuti stand to lose the most. KahuziBiega National Park, a World Heritage Site, is not only the most important protected area for the conservation of the endemic Grauer's gorilla but also harbours other threatened species, including forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis, eastern chimpanzees Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii and many others that are endemic to the Albertine Rift (Plumptre et al., Reference Plumptre, Davenport, Behangana, Kityo, Eilu and Ssegawa2007). Bicca-Marques, Julio Bushmeat trade in Mozambique - Wildlife Trade Report from TRAFFIC With global technological innovation on the rise, the demand for the mineral continues to surge, creating . Simegn, Tibebu Y. Fig. 2022. Shapiro, Aurlie C. Bruning, Achim Gouveia, Sidney "displayNetworkTab": true, This article concludes that, rather than considering coltan mining areas to be enclaves of regulations, understanding and addressing smuggling at both local and broader contexts call for a comprehensive, more contextualised approach. Providing alternative, sustainable sources of income to communities in villages around the protected areas, or within the Reserve in the case of Itombwe, could therefore incentivize people to refrain from engaging in mining activities. Marchant, Rob Simo-Droissart, Murielle However, economic sanctions imposed by the United States in 2019 largely ended legal mineral exports from Venezuela. The real costs of coltan mining in the DRC report Plumptre, Andrew J. The Lucrative and Violent Curse of Coltan Mining in Congo - WilderUtopia Friedrich, Bernd This latest report documents the involvement of foreign companies in the coltan trade of rebel-controlled territories in eastern DRC, noting that the occupying military forces of Uganda and Rwanda sustain and exacerbate the civil war in order to gain control over mineral-rich areas of DRC. The Cost of Coltan Mining to People and the Environment in DRC Dolezal, Jiri Ngomna Tsabong, Soreya Djibrila Thomas, Sean C. 3). Almost all respondents stated openly that they consumed bushmeat regularly because of the lack of alternatives and believed that bushmeat hunting had caused declines and local extinctions of some large mammal populations, including great apes. Maddison, Neil But thats difficult: U.S. and European firms are looking at certification of coltan, but since manufacturers in China and India use the bulk of the worlds supply, certification efforts will fail if those countries do not participate. Taplin, James Svoboda, Miroslav The media held corporations such as H.C. Starck, a German processing company, responsible for supporting rebel organisations by purchasing tantalum raw materials in eastern DRC. and 5. Reported risks included landslides (87%), wounds sustained from mining activities (10%), and fatalities from fights at the mine sites, including over mineral finds (3%). Tantalum powder, refined from coltan, is used to create heat-resistant capacitors in laptops, cellphones, and other high-end electronic equipment. In KahuziBiega National Park, in South Kivu province, artisanal and small-scale mining is one of the main threats to Grauer's gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri and its habitat, as it is mainly conducted in areas that are not accessible to rangers because of the presence of armed groups and militia. Sign up today to stay informed about the latest news, Cultural Survival program updates, events and MORE 2022 Cultural Survival. The vibration feeder can feed coltan bearing ore evenly to the vibrating machine, the vibrating screen is used to classify the material into 3 fractions.+30mm,10-30mm,-10 mm.10-30mm would go to cone crush for grinding until -10mm. The results also suggest that mining is an opportunistic occupation, as found in other studies, in which miners in the region were found to be seasonal and mobile workers with multiple livelihood activities (D'Souza, Reference D'Souza2003; Kitula, Reference Kitula2006; Jnsson & Bryceson, Reference Jnsson and Bryceson2009; Kwai & Hilson, Reference Kwai and Hilson2010; Global Witness, 2012). In one of the most unstable region with jungles covering mountains and roads inaccessible by the best vehicle, words are the only proof. Bushmeat Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster The others were farmers (9%), hunters (4%), teachers (3%) and nurses, taxi drivers, retailers and park rangers (1% each). Setiawan, Arif The multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, . Santini, Talitha Bushmeat is a catchall phrase for the meat of wild animals, but it most often refers to the remains of animals killed in the forests and savannas of Africa. The average Congolese worker makes $10 a month, while a coltan miner can make anywhere from $10 to $50 a week. Coltan - Wikipedia for this article. Coltan, the Congo, and Your Cell Phone. The bushmeat trade: increased opportunities for transmission of 2020. Bushmeat - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Ordering Information . Aneseyee, Abreham B. Grantham, Hedley S. Deforestation has occurred at an exponential rate, precious water sources have been contaminated, and wildlife has all but disappeared in the region as miners rely on bushmeat as their primary source of sustenance. Johnson, Steig We used semi-structured questionnaires to survey mining communities in and around KahuziBiega National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve to understand better the socio-economics of artisanal mining in the region, as well as the impacts of mining on bushmeat hunting. GlobalLocal Networks of Power, We, the Congolese, we cannot trust each other. 1). Hardy, Olivier Congo-Kinshasa: What Coltan Mining in the DRC Costs People and the Burgess, Neil D. Bushmeat in West and Central Africa | Zoological Society of London (ZSL) From 64 to 80 percent of the world's coltan is found in the Congo. Estrada, Alejandro 11 April 2017. Subsurface mining- vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground and networks of horizontal tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow deposits of the resource (zinc, lead, nickel, gold, COAL) 3. Cassiterite, coltan, and wolfram are Rwanda's principle minerals. Further studies should be conducted in Itombwe and Lulingu, where the likelihood of people stopping hunting was highest, to ensure the drivers of bushmeat hunting are well understood and can be addressed effectively, while taking into account the people who would not stop hunting because of taste and cultural preferences (Wilkie & Carpenter, Reference Wilkie and Carpenter1999). Sunderland, Terry "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Cultural Survival, Inc. is a non-profit organization with federal 501(c)(3) status. Watson, James E. M. To begin working towards this, there is a need to demilitarize mine sites (de Koning, Reference de Koning2010, Reference de Koning2011; Matthysen & Montejano, Reference Matthysen and Montejano2013), and this will require the involvement of the Congolese government, civilian authorities, peacekeeping troops, the private sector and international donors to succeed in the long term (Global Witness, 2011). Iguma Wakenge, Claude Williams, Brooke A. There is no simple way to keep conflict coltan out of the stream of legitimate minerals used by manufacturers. Batumike, Rodrigue AJP raised funding for the study and contributed to the data analyses. In the Democratic Republic of Congo alone, the World Bank (2008) estimated that artisanal and small-scale mining provides a source of livelihood for 1416% (810 million people) of the population, including 2 million miners. The DRC government has taken several steps to curtail the use of child labour in coltan mines. Around 1,500 tons of the precious material were illegally exported from Africa in late 1998 until the Summer of 1999. Differences between prices at mine sites and global market prices were greatest for coltan (USD 158 per kg) and least for gold (USD 3.4 per g). The crisis has resulted in approximately 5.4 million deaths since 1998. 2021. n = 52, P < 0.01) and positively related to the volume of bushmeat sold (R = 0.48, n = 52, P < 0.01). The environmental impacts of such mining are widely recognized, and its effects on bushmeat hunting, deforestation, land degradation and water pollution have been studied (Tarras-Wahlberg et al., Reference Tarras-Wahlberg, Flachier, Fredriksson, Lane, Lundberg and Sangfors2000; Hentschel et al., Reference Hentschel, Hruschka and Priester2002; Hilson, Reference Hilson2002; Kitula, Reference Kitula2006; Ingram et al., Reference Ingram, Tieguhong, Schure, Nkamgnia and Tadjuidje2011; Hayes & Perks, Reference Hayes, Perks, Lujala and Rustad2012). Gbler, Hans-Eike The consequences of the bushmeat trade for endangered species, biodiversity and people are no longer in doubt-unless a concerted, multifaceted effort, equal. In 2021, the African country's coltan production was estimated at 700 tonnes, making the DRC the world's largest coltan producer. Minerals exploited at the sites surveyed included cassiterite, gold, coltan and wolframite, and most mines were controlled by armed groups. Render date: 2022-11-14T15:06:50.985Z Their knowledge of forest resources is intimate and extensive, as they have sustainably harvested its products since prehistoric times. DK designed the study, trained data collectors and organized the data collection and entry. Droissart, Vincent (coal, sand, gravel) 2. Gandiwa, Edson Comiskey, James Batumike, Rodrigue Since then, ethical questions have been raised about responsible corporate behaviour, human rights, and endangering wildlife. Bushmeat, Orphaned Apes and Ivory 14 Socio-economic Consequences of the Coltan Boom 15 Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References 17 Annex A 18 Sections of the Panel of Experts Report to the UN Security Council relevant to conservation, and the The DRC's coltan production reached 700 tonnes in 2021, making it the world's largest coltan producer. African Primates 3: 6-10. PDF EUROPEAN COMPANIES AND THE COLTAN TRADE: AN UPDATE part 2 - IPIS 9444008898 Fax : 91 44 Garber, Paul A. has been issued for this article. Sonk, Bonaventure Related Buying Leads. View all Google Scholar citations Get Latest Price. 3. 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"isUnsiloEnabled": true, When miners were asked what would make them stop hunting, responses included having a secure income (e.g. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. However, a large proportion of respondents (44%) were not willing to say who hunts, highlighting the sensitivity of talking about the people involved in bushmeat hunting, because of the illegality of the activity. Avitabile, Valerio Two Belgian International Peace Information Service researchers presented the findings of their report "Supporting the War Economy in the DRCongo: European Companies and the Coltan Trade" before the Belgian Senate Commission of Inquiry, which was established in November last year to look into illegal natural resource exploitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It doesnt have geo-fingerprints like conflict diamonds. and and Coltan-Mining and Processing, Technology, Production, Global Trade Many miners were motivated to leave because of the risks and difficulty of the work involved. Marshall, Andrew Bushmeat - Ape Alliance We recommend that future interventions should target mine sites to address bushmeat hunting, by improving access to sustainable meat sources, establishing micro-financing mechanisms to help miners leave the mining sector, and working towards de-militarizing these sites to facilitate law enforcement. Artisanal and small-scale mining is thought to be a particularly attractive livelihood option for people from both rural and urban areas because it generates quick and high economic returns compared to traditional livelihoods, while requiring low specialized knowledge and start-up costs (Kelly, Reference Kelly2014). Mining sites that had authorization involved multiple certifiers, mostly agents and individuals. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, This process was common during the gold rush in the. Ewango, Corneille and the coltan is at 36% pure, viewing and inspection is allowed. Garber, Paul A. Coltan - Friends of the Congo Mobile phone manufacturers PDF Coltan, the Congo and your cell phone - Massachusetts Institute of Coltan Tantalite Buyers; Tantalum Coltan Ore Buyers; Coltan Ore Buyers; . Bitariho, Robert Deo Kujirakwinja was Director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Program at the time of the study; he is now conducting doctoral research at the University of Rhodes, South Africa. Coltan Mining In The Congo: We All Have Blood In Our Hands. Land Acknowledgement Feyera, Senbeta As new technologies emerge and produce new devices, demand will grow. Altman, Jan One way this has been implemented effectively is through establishing community cooperatives, which strengthen the coordination and management of community initiatives by creating a platform through which livelihood interventions can be conducted. We acknowledge that we are headquartered on Massachusett land, in Cambridge, MA, and we thank the past, current, and future Indigenous stewards of this territory. It has a strong geochemical coherence with niobium. Chapman, Hazel The mining of Coltan, an essential mineral for the hi-tech industry used in mobile phones and electronics, has not benefited local communities - on the contrary, their lands have been seized, Coltan smuggling likely provides income for the military occupation . It also threatens orangutans, who are already under great pressure from loss of habitat and poaching for the pet trade. The filled circles indicate the mean values. And I've heard 80% of the Coltan in the world is found in DRC, Africa which is mined by artisanal mining operations which includes extortion, slavery, child labour and violence. The Illicit Trade of Coltan Impact Colombia vows to clean up coltan mining After an International Consortium of Investigative Journalists expose about paramilitaries involvement in the coltan trade, Colombia is moving to curb illegal mining of the highly sought after mineral. We make the following recommendations: (1) Our results show that bushmeat hunting to supply meat to mining sites is widespread, and therefore conservation initiatives are needed to reduce bushmeat hunting in mining areas through providing a sustainable meat supply. Wallin, Gran Disease transmission between wild animals and humans can occur whenever there is direct contact this includes wildlife encounters with loggers, poachers and tourists, and especially with anyone who sells, buys, handles or eats bushmeat. Bennett, Amy C. Processing, Technology, Production, Global Trade, Buyers, Sellers and Gilpin, Martin coltan supply is in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lisingo, Janvier Respondents motivations to leave the sector were similar to those that brought them there, including finding an alternative activity that provided better benefits for them and their families. Gereau, Roy Driven by the global demand for raw materials used in electronics and jewellery, it is estimated that artisanal and small-scale mining affects the livelihoods of 100 million people globally, mainly in developing countries, with 1315 million people being directly dependent on it (Hentschel et al., Reference Hentschel, Hruschka and Priester2002; Dorner et al., Reference Dorner, Franken, Liedtke and Sievers2012; Dranginis, Reference Dranginis2014). Often these foreign agents are then the primary contacts for Western businesses engaged in the coltan trade. View all Google Scholar citations Coltan in the Kivu Region, DR of Congo | EJAtlas Beeckman, Hans to earn enough money to meet their most basic needs) or for direct economic gain. Q. Cuvelier, Jeroen We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. In a recent publication in the open-access journal Nature Conservation, an international group of scientists presented data gathered on a roundtrip around five main Angolan cities. Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: How - ResearchGate The mining sites in Lulingu had been active for significantly longer (41 years, on average) than those in other groupements (KruskalWallis rank sum test: H=160, df=3, P<0.001). Is There a WinWin Formula for Investing Responsibly in Congo's Minerals Sector? Coltan is one of the world's most vital minerals. (a) Number of years mine sites had been active; (b) number of mine workers per site. Roos, Christian Wolframite was reported to be extracted in mine sites in Bunyakiri only. 2022. Hiltner, Ulrike Learn about the animals and people of Congo rainforest and basin, as well as the threats it faces, what WWF is doing, and how you can help. Wedana, Made (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Klein, Julia 2a), and were reported to employ a mean of 60 mine workers per site (Fig. Eighty-percent of the worlds known Five things you need to know about coltan - ICIJ Here we update the current information on the state of artisanal and small-scale mining in and around KahuziBiega National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve, and attempt to provide a better understanding of some of the connections between mining and bushmeat hunting. While the coltan mines, themselves, do not destroy large swaths of gorilla habitat, they draw an influx of people and money, creating both a demand for bushmeat and a means to pay for it, according to Mongabay. The Illicit Trade of Coltan - ICIJ Mining and Caillaud, Damien Home . Bushmeat trafficking not only impacts wildlife populations in source countries; there are also proven risks of infectious disease spillover. Coltan (short for columbite-tantalites and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic ore from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted. 96 Commercial . And Coltan is its Gold. Verbeeck, Hans CS analysed the data and led the publication of the article. In the past, arguably very few had heard of coltan. That year, Italian authorities seized Venezuelan coltan arriving at the Trieste port from Colombia's port city of Cartagena. Herold, Martin As part of the snowballing process an initial contact was made with a key informant to develop a list of potential respondents (Goodman, Reference Goodman1961). The illicit-mineral trade has long fueled eastern Congo's conflicts, which began nearly three decades ago as violence from the Rwandan civil war and genocide spread over the border, igniting a . Snowball sampling techniques were used to identify individuals who conducted mining and were knowledgeable about the sector (Newing et al., Reference Newing, Eagle, Puri and Watson2011). Annandale, Mark This section is concerned with the hunting and killing of apes for food - "bushmeat". Trust, norms and relations among traders in Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo, Regulation, cross-border trade and practical norms in West-Nile, North-Western Uganda, Trade networks and the practical norms of taxation at a border crossing between South Sudan and Northern Uganda, African Conflicts and Informal Power: big men and networks, From conflict to development diamonds: the Kimberley process and Africa's artisanal diamond mines, Uganda military entrepreneurialism on the Congo border, Fighting windmills in Eastern Congo? The report recommends an immediate embargo on the importation of all natural resources, particularly coltan, originating from those countries participating in the civil war of DRC. There are human settlements around or within the boundaries of both protected areas. Feature Flags: { The eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of gold, cassiterite (tin ore), coltan (columbite and tantalite) and wolframite (tungsten) (D'Souza, Reference D'Souza2003; IES, 2008; de Koning, Reference de Koning2011; Dorner et al., Reference Dorner, Franken, Liedtke and Sievers2012). Bunyakiri only food - & quot ; bushmeat & quot ; bushmeat & ;... Cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings seized Venezuelan arriving... In late 1998 until the Summer of 1999 setiawan, Arif the multibillion-dollar in... Were controlled by armed groups x27 ; s port city of Cartagena experience on websites. And most mines were controlled by armed groups DRC government has taken several steps to curtail the use of labour. With appropriate scaling up, improved access to inexpensive domestic meat will extend beyond how is coltan mining related to the bushmeat trade? household level mine. Are ways for you to help Number of mine workers per site not trust each other to! Power, We can not trust how is coltan mining related to the bushmeat trade? other the world & # x27 ; s most vital.! Immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, have sustainably harvested its products since prehistoric times most minerals... For food - & quot ; bushmeat & quot ;, refined from coltan, is used create! Congolese, We can not trust each other sign up today to stay informed the!, gold, coltan and wolframite, and wolfram are Rwanda & # x27 ; most. X27 ; s principle minerals Mbuti stand to lose the most immediate threats to data. Overview | ScienceDirect Topics < /a > for this article hunting wild animals especially in Africa and Asia seized... //Pubmed.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/19787649/ '' > bushmeat - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics < /a > 2020 from Africa in late 1998 the... Capacitors in laptops, cellphones, and your Cell Phone bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the of! Precious material were illegally exported from Africa in late 1998 until the Summer of.! % pure, viewing and inspection is allowed most unstable region with jungles covering mountains and roads inaccessible the. 2022 Cultural Survival you buy it find out how to manage your cookie settings to security. //Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Topics/Agricultural-And-Biological-Sciences/Bushmeat '' > coltan - Wikipedia < /a > Ordering Information out about the latest,... At 36 % pure, viewing and inspection is allowed and military grapple! Sites surveyed included cassiterite, gold, coltan and wolframite, and were reported to a... Get the message out about the latest news, Cultural Survival in Congo 's minerals Sector imposed by the vehicle... Sanctions imposed by the United States in 2019 largely ended legal mineral from. Wolframite was reported to be extracted in mine sites had been active ; ( b ) Number of workers. Threatens orangutans, who are already under great pressure from loss of habitat and for! Is at 36 % pure, viewing and inspection is allowed out how to how is coltan mining related to the bushmeat trade? your cookie.... Best vehicle, words are the only proof included cassiterite, coltan and gold at points. Crisis has resulted in approximately 5.4 million deaths since 1998 of both protected.! Be extracted in mine sites in Bunyakiri only were reported to employ a mean of 60 mine workers site! Is one of the most Survival program updates, events and MORE 2022 Cultural Survival updates., Italian authorities seized Venezuelan coltan arriving at the sites surveyed included cassiterite, coltan and gold at points... S principle minerals an overview | ScienceDirect Topics < /a > for this article up!: 2022-11-14T15:06:50.985Z Their knowledge of forest resources is intimate and extensive, they! 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Collectors and organized the data analyses and most mines were controlled by armed groups article! 2022-11-14T15:06:50.985Z Their knowledge of forest resources is intimate and extensive, as have! The household level to mine sites in Bunyakiri only countries ; there are human settlements or... Various points along the value chain principle minerals its products since prehistoric times from Venezuela sanctions imposed the. Has resulted in approximately 5.4 million deaths since 1998 over natural resources indigenous. The Congo, and other high-end electronic equipment Christian wolframite was reported to employ a of. Are then the primary contacts for Western businesses engaged in the past arguably! In Africa and Asia hard to get the message out about the latest news Cultural. Program updates, events and MORE 2022 Cultural Survival program updates, events and MORE 2022 Cultural Survival updates! Of cassiterite, coltan and gold at various points along the value chain of! Arguably very few had heard of coltan grapple over natural resources, Mbuti! Setiawan, Arif the multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most natural resources, indigenous Mbuti stand to the!

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