However, the U.S. Supreme Court has confirmed that the "superior knowledge" burden-shifting principle is "far from being universal, and has many qualifications upon its application." [1] Hunter, 652 F.3d at 1235 n.11. None of the cases that Apple cites in support of this argument apply the "superior knowledge" burden-shifting principle to an analogous situation in the intellectual property context, let alone a patent case. . . But in the case of a unitary object such as a dinner plate, the object must be the relevant article of manufacture, even where the design patent disclaims part of the object. Id. Samsung at 10; see Virnetx, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., 767 F.3d 1308, 1327 (Fed. How to Find the ZOPA in Business Negotiations. 2) Accused of imitating the iconic iPhone's shape which in official terms is called as "tradedress" (e.g. 1611 at 1014-15 (Apple's expert Peter Bressler stating that "all [the D'677 patent is] claiming is that front face"). This result is, first of all, the law of the case, and Samsung did not appeal it. Apple and Samsung have finally settled a seven-year-long patent dispute, bringing to an end the long-running battle over the design of their rival smartphones. Of Cal., Inc. v. Constr. The plaintiff was also required to prove the defendant's total profit from the sale of the infringing article. On September 28, 2017, the parties submitted cross-responses. Accordingly, the defendant must bear the burden of production on any deductible costs that it argues should be subtracted from the profits proved by plaintiff. The Court finds that Apple's second and third proposed factorsthe visual contribution of the design to the product as a whole and the degree to which the asserted article of manufacture is physically and conceptually distinct from the product as soldto be substantially similar to factors included in the United States' proposed test. at 9 (quoting 17 U.S.C. at 10-11 (citing, e.g., Concrete Pipe & Prod. Because Apple had not presented sufficient evidence to recalculate the appropriate damages award for some of the infringing sales at issue in light of the proper notice dates, the Court struck approximately $410 million from the 2012 jury award and ordered a limited new trial on utility and design patent damages relating only to the sales of those products (the "2013 trial"). 476, 497 (D. Minn. 1980) ("The burden of establishing the nature and amount of these [overhead] costs, as well as their relationship to the infringing product, is on the defendants."). J. L. & TECH. Adopting the United States' test is also consistent with actions of the only other court to have instructed a jury on 289 after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the instant case. "Absent some reason to believe that Congress intended otherwise . 3490-2 at 17. Second, Samsung argued that "the profits awarded [for design patent infringement] should have been limited to the infringing 'article of manufacture,' not the entire infringing product." Cost: $0 (Free) Limited Seats Available. at 132. Hearing Tr. Lost your password? ECF No. 1157 (citing Nike, 138 F.3d at 1442-43 (noting that Congress removed "the need to apportion the infringer's profits between the patented design and the article bearing the design" when it passed the Act of 1887, which was subsequently codified under 289)). Cir. (emphasis added). Samsung objects to this proposed burden-shifting framework. Id. Without such an instruction, Final Jury Instructions 53 and 54 would direct a jury to find that the article of manufacture and product are the same." Apple argues that it would be appropriate to shift the burden of persuasion to identify the relevant article of manufacture on the defendant because the defendant has superior knowledge of the infringing product's components. According to Bloomberg's supply chain analysis Apple accounts for 9% of Samsung's revenue which makes Apple . However, in recent years, Samsung has been involved in two highly expensive legal disputes: The Apple vs Samsung lawsuit and the Galaxy Note 7 defect issue. The Court specified at the 2013 trial that "[t]he Court's prior rulings on the parties' Daubert motions, motions in limine, discovery disputes, and evidentiary objections [from the original trial would] remain in effect as law of the case. The Court addresses these arguments in turn, and then the Court assesses the United States' proposal. The U.S. Supreme Court framed the question before it as follows: "[T]he Federal Circuit identified the entire smartphone as the only permissible 'article of manufacture' for the purpose of calculating 289 damages because consumers could not separately purchase components of the smartphones. In Samsung's reply brief in support of its motion for judgment as a matter of law, Samsung argued that Apple "fail[ed] to offer any evidence that [the profits awarded in the instant case] are the profits from the 'article of manufacture' at issue, which is the phones' outer casings or GUI." ECF Nos. ECF No. Your email address will not be published. Moreover, it just sits on our palms for a long time now as our screen times jump. 2015: Samsung agreed to pay $548 million to Apple to settle the original patent infringement filed in 2011. 378. Where a statute is silent on the allocation of the burden of persuasion, the Court "begin[s] with the ordinary default rule that plaintiffs bear the risk of failing to prove their claims." . Overall, the Court's allocation of the burdens of persuasion and production is consistent with how the court in Columbia Sportswear instructed the jury in that case. . of Sacramento, 652 F.3d 1225, 1235 n.11 (9th Cir. at 9. Cir. A higher appeals court was also required to formally, July 2012: The dispute between the two firms which started in San Jose, California, was estimated to be resolved in four weeks. In response, Apple accuses Samsung of misstating the evidence. Conclusions Apple and Samsung keep on experimenting bringing various competitiveness strategies, such as new product launch, major innovations, mockups of the rival's offer, product line extensions, aggressive advertising campaigns as well as lawsuits. See Henry Hanger & Display Fixture Corp. of Am. 1959) (stating that the "burden of establishing" deductible overhead costs "rested upon the defendants"); Rocket Jewelry Box, Inc. v. Quality Int'l Packaging, Ltd., 250 F. Supp. 1839 at 201-02. Required fields are marked *. The infringed design patents claim certain design elements embodied in Apple's iPhone. When a business dispute arises, you should always do your best to negotiate or mediate a solution before taking it to the courts. Indeed, in the closest analogous contextidentification of the smallest salable patent-practicing unit for utility patent damagesthe burden of persuasion rests on the plaintiff, as explained above. Apple concedes that it bears this burden of production. Famous Negotiations Cases NBA and the Power of Deadlines at the Bargaining Table, Power Tactics in Negotiation: How to Gain Leverage with Stronger Parties, No One is Really in Charge Hostage Taking and the Risks of No-Negotiation Policies, Examples of Difficult Situations at Work: Consensus and Negotiated Agreements. It was their first computer that supported GUI or Graphic user interface, which allows the user to communicate with the computer in graphical mode. 2. What is Crisis Management in Negotiation? The Federal Circuit held that both theories lacked merit. According to the United States, the plaintiff bears the burden of persuasion on identifying the relevant article of manufacture and the amount of total profit. As there can be thousands of ways of designing icons and GUI effects, Samsung chose in most cases icons similar to that of the iPhone. The two companies have repeatedly accused each other of copying the appearance and functions of their smartphones and tablet devices. v. Citrix Sys., Inc., 769 F.3d 1073, 1082 (Fed. The Apple iPhones and Samsung Galaxy phones have very different designs. Samsung Response at 3. "), 14:1-14:2 (Samsung's counsel: "We like the Solicitor General's test . Hunter v. Cty. The lawsuit filed by Apple was specific about the number of patents and the type of patents Samsung violated, let us discuss a little about the violations Apple mentioned. 1999)). It also goes through the case of Apple Vs Samsung and the judgement given by the court. should have been limited to the profit attributable to the infringement" and that "consumers chose Samsung [products] based on a host of other factors [besides the infringed designs]." Check your inbox and click the link. at 8 (quoting Schaffer, 546 U.S. at 57). The titans are involved in the battle that aims to take off each other's product off the shelve, where billions of dollar are on the line. In Samsung Electronics Co. v. Apple Inc., 137 S. Ct. 429 (2016) ("Supreme Court Decision"), the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted 289 for the first time. Second, calculate the infringer's total profit made on that article of manufacture." Apple does not explain how this "ultimate burden" fits with the burden-shifting framework that it proposes. Samsung argues that Apple's proposed test is defective because it omits fundamental considerations, such as the scope of the design patent, and introduces considerations that have no relationship to the text of 289, such as the infringer's intent. Samsung's test purports to exclude as a matter of law any part of a product not claimed in the design patent. 2784 at 39 (same for 2013 trial); Opening Brief for Defendants-Appellants, Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Make your practice more effective and efficient with Casetexts legal research suite. The U.S. Supreme Court Did Not Foreclose the Possibility that a Multicomponent Product Could be the Relevant Article of Manufacture in Some Cases. 41:22-23; Apple Response at 9. To come out of this deep pit, Something that will hopefully revolutionize personal computing. Accordingly, the Court deferred ruling on whether a new trial was warranted and ordered further briefing on what the test should be for determining the relevant article of manufacture for purpose of 289, whether the determination of the article of manufacture was a question of fact or law, which party bore the burden of identifying the relevant article of manufacture, and which party bore the burden of establishing the total profits for the purpose of 289. Id. Type of paper: Essay. Apple spends billions on Samsung flash memory, screens, processors, and other components. Id. On September 8, 2017, the parties submitted cross-opening briefs on those issues. In light of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in this case and the parties' agreement that evidence of how the product is sold is relevant, the Court finds that how the product is sold can be considered by the factfinder in determining the relevant article of manufacture. ECF No. With respect to multicomponent products, the United States argued that in some instances, "the finished product as sold in commerce is most naturally viewed as the article to which the patented design is 'applied.'" The jury held that Samsung had infringed on Apple's patents and awarded over $1 billion in damages. See ECF No. The costly legal lawsuit between Samsung and Apple went on for several years. Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 432. This growth has led to the establishment of smartphone giants. 3472. In Samsung's view, the text of the statute is determinative. Arguably, the need to produce an advanced cellphone that could do much more than just make or receive a phone call motivated the two companies to improve their products. Hearing both sides, the law court ruled in the favour of Apple. The Court turns first to Apple's argument that Samsung's proposed test is overly restrictive. Souring that relationship with. To summarize, the Court adopts the four-factor test for determining the relevant article of manufacture for the purpose of 289 proposed by the United States in its amicus brief before the U.S. Supreme Court. 289, instead appealing only to procedural and policy arguments for allowing apportionment in this case."). Id. Design patent could not be by any high-technology company to a strong copyright/patent. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 626 (1993); Campbell v. United States, 365 U.S. 85, 96 (1961)). He explained that while Apple could be considered an "innovation" company, as its focus was with the design and the user interface, and Samsung could be considered a "manufacture" company. 2. Id. . While tech hulks like these two fight for global dominance and the crown of the most innovative technology pioneer, it is sure that smartphones are a hot topic. One significant negotiation to observe happened in August 2012. Launched the Macintosh in 1980 and this began the winning strike for apple. Id. Apple and the United States argue that a burden-shifting framework would be consistent with the principle that the party with superior knowledge of or access to the relevant facts should bear the burden of proving those facts. You've successfully signed in. "An error in instructing the jury in a civil case requires reversal unless the error is more probably than not harmless." The most famous Samsung phones are Galaxy, after the first launch in 2009. Although a design patent owner may recuperate the infringers total profits, the utility patent owner may recuperate his/her lost profits or a fair royalty. The Court finds unconvincing Apple's explanation as to why an infringer's reasons for copying the design is relevant to this factual inquiry. Tags: an example of negotiation, bargaining table, business negotiation, Business Negotiations, crisis, crisis negotiations, dealing with difficult people, dealmaking, difficult people, diplomacy, dispute resolution, how to deal with difficult people, importance of negotiation, importance of negotiation in business, Mediation, negotiation, negotiation examples, negotiation stories, negotiation tactics, negotiators, program on negotiation, the importance of negotiation, the importance of negotiation in business, types of dispute resolution. But it is a myth that early resolution always leads to the best outcomes. Schaffer v. Weast, 546 U.S. 49, 56 (2005) (quoting J. The Federal Circuit upheld the jury verdict as to Apple's design patent claims and utility patent claims but vacated the jury verdict as to Apple's trade dress claims. On September 18, 2015, on remand, this Court entered partial final judgment in the amount of $548,176,477 as to the damages for products that were found to infringe only Apple's design and utility patents (and not Apple's trade dress). at 57-58. Id. Samsung Opening Br. The court in Columbia Sportswear assigned the plaintiff "the initial burden of producing evidence identifying the article of manufacture for which it seeks profits." According to Samsung, "[t]he 'ordinary default rule' is that 'plaintiffs bear the burden of persuasion regarding the essential aspects of their claims,'" and there is no reason to stray from that rule in the instant case. . 1931. Be it flying, cooking, innovating, and even revolutionizing the whole world with unbelievable technology. Sometimes companies copy some famous brands product look and hope to generate sales. Moreover, the U.S. Supreme Court did not hold that how a product is sold is irrelevant to the article of manufacture inquiry. The following article discusses the design patent litigations and the battle of power between Apple and Samsung. L. J. the burden of persuasion lies where it usually falls, upon the party seeking relief." Behemoth organizations like Apple and Samsung. 2016). See Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 432. The parties agree that determining the relevant article of manufacture for the purpose of 289 is a question of fact that a jury decides when there is a material factual dispute. 302, 312 (1832)). Nike, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 138 F.3d 1437, 1441 (Fed. The jury ended up siding with Apple, agreeing that Samsung copied the black rectangle. Co., Ltd. v. Apple Inc., 137 S. Ct. 429 (2016) (No. This began the row of court cases by these tech hulks against each other. 387). ECF No. 17:8-17:9. . Apple 1 was the first computer handmade by Steve Wozniak (Apple co-founder) under the name Apple in 1976. As discussed in the beginning of this section, the last element to be considered when a party asserts instructional error is whether "[the party] requested alternative instructions that would have remedied the error." This corporation believes "a high quality buying experience with knowledgeable salespersons who can convey the value of the Company's products and services greatly enhances its ability to attract and retain customers" (Apple Inc., 2015). As the party that bears the burden of persuasion, the plaintiff also bears an initial burden to produce evidence identifying the article of manufacture to which the patented design was applied and proving the amount of total profit on that article. at *18. The trial would begin on March 28, 2016. Until something happened. . at 436 (emphasis added). The Court denied Samsung's motion on the same grounds as the motion for judgment as a matter of law following the 2012 trial. In the ongoing war between Apple and Samsung, no matter who emerges as the winner, the consumer will continue to lose unless the companies agree on having a healthy competition and offering their best products. First, identify the 'article of manufacture' to which the infringed design has been applied. Samsung wrote in its trial brief: "Apple, which sold its first iPhone nearly 20 years after Samsung started developing mobile phone technology, could not have sold a single iPhone without the benefit of Samsung's patented technology." (Guglielmo, 2012). After this and all the cases in between this first court case, Samsung didnt stay shut. 1610 at 313-17 ("[T]here's a piece of glass [for the screen] and then underneath that is a display and have to glue that on top."). ECF No. . The following are ways through which Apple and Samsung companies' solutions are evaluated from the perspective of the business. It widely talked against Apple and filed lawsuits claiming infringements of their company policies and patents. Both the companies Apple and Samsung had a long history of cooperation, so Apple first thought of talking the matter out rather than taking the case to court. Apple being the biggest tech company earns billions of dollars in revenue but it doesnt pay billions in tax. They are now perhaps best described as frenemies. Do you side with Apple or Samsung in this dispute resolution case study? How Sagacious IPs Patent Opposition Strategy Helped A Client to Challenge their Competitors Patent, IP Trends in the Automotive Industry Report, Timeline of the Apple vs. Samsung Legal Battle, Solar Water Splitting to Fuels Conversion Patent Landscape Study, Knock-Out Patentability Searches: Flag IP Conflicts Quickly and Expedite Patent Filing. The first claim came in April and by August 2011, there were 19 continuing cases between Apple and Samsung in nine countries. Once the plaintiff has satisfied its burden of production on identifying the relevant article of manufacture, the burden of production shifts to the defendant. Apple goes on, "For example, where a design patent covers only the 'upper' portion of a shoe, the entire shoe may fairly be considered the article of manufacture if the defendant only sells the infringing shoes as a whole." See ECF No. Third, Samsung points to consumer survey evidence discussing the outer shape of Samsung's phones. Please try again. Is Filing A Provisional Patent Application A Smart Decision? 1st Sess., 1 (1886)); see also Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 433 (citing S. REP. NO. . "In Dobson v. Hartford Carpet Co., the lower courts had awarded the holders of design patents on carpets damages in the amount of 'the entire profit to the [patent holders], per yard, in the manufacture and sale of carpets of the patented designs, and not merely the value which the designs contributed to the carpets.'" (internal quotation marks omitted)). In Negotiation, How Much Authority Do They Have? 1970) (listing fifteen factors informing reasonable royalty calculations in utility patent cases). Similarly, the defendant bears the burden of production on proving any deductible expenses from the amount of total profit proved by the plaintiff. Apple also contends that the jury would not have been able to calculate Samsung's total profit on a lesser article of manufacture because Samsung never identified any lesser article of manufacture for the jury and never identified any amount of profits that the jury could have attributed to these lesser articles. However, the appeals and counter lawsuit processes continued until 2014 when almost every target model was out of production. 3509 at 32-33. Success! Apple filed a lawsuit against Samsung. Koh conveyed that Apples request to prevent Galaxy Tab sales in the US had to wait until the completion of court procedures. Laborers Pension Tr. Under the US patent laws, the harm of infringing a design patent does not agree with the impairment calculation for infringing a utility patent. Humans are amazing animals, I mean we are smart and can do almost anything. With regard to the first factor, the Court concludes that the factfinder must consider the scope of the claimed design to determine to which article of manufacture the design was applied, but the scope of the claimed design is not alone dispositive. However, intellectual property law is already replete with multifactor tests. 3490-2 at 18. While Samsung could argue on the physical appearance being similar with iPhone but another thing the lawsuit included was trademark infringement. See ECF No. On July 28, 2017, following briefing by the parties, this Court ruled that Samsung had not waived the article of manufacture issue because Samsung had objected to the exclusion of Proposed Jury Instruction 42.1. After the succession of third heir Kun-hee, the company saw an opportunity in technology and he invested heavily in semiconductor technologies and transformed Samsung from a manufacturer into a global technology powerhouse. However, Samsung eventually produced pricing information to Apple about the component parts of Samsung's phones. In 2011, when Apple was already embroiled with Motorola, it went after Samsung for tablet and smartphone designs. It was in 1983 when Steve Jobs famously asked Pepsi CEO John Sculley to be Apples next CEO or if he wanted to sell sugared water for the rest of his life or change the world? As a result, the scope of the design patent must be a central consideration for the factfinder when determining the relevant article of manufacture for the purpose of 289. As a result, on March 22, 2016, this Court vacated the March 28, 2016 trial and stayed the case. . May 23, 2014). The defendant also bore the burden of proving deductible expenses. Moreover, the longer they spend fighting each other, the more contentious and uncooperative they are likely to become. Moreover, Apple offers no reason why ordinary discovery would not be sufficient to allow a design patent plaintiff to carry its burden of persuasion on identifying the relevant article of manufacture. It seems like everyone wants the latest phone to set a trend. Then, the Court must determine, in light of the test and the 2013 trial proceedings, whether the jury instructions given constituted prejudicial error. And if Your Honor is inclined to adopt that test, Samsung believes that that test has a lot of merit."). Lets understand how it avoided taxes. Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 432. Comme il s'agit d'un smartphone haut de gamme, il fallait videmment s . iPhones have usually enjoyed more praise than their Samsung counterparts in terms of sheer photo quality, image consistency, and video quality. After Kuns death, his easy-going son succeeded to the throne and began investing more in smartphones and more in tech. Instead, "[i]f a party's proposed instruction has brought an 'issue . Dobson v. Dornan, 118 U.S. at 18; Dobson v. Hartford Carpet Co., 114 U.S. at 447. . Moreover, at the October 12, 2017 hearing, both parties stated that they found the United States' test acceptable. See Samsung Response at 2; Sarah Burstein, The "Article of Manufacture" Today, 31 HARV. Nonetheless, all of the five forces influence the . . 3509 at 15-16. See id. Apple continued to dominate the smartphone market for years until Samsung introduced its Galaxy series in 2013 and emerged as a tough competitor. A California jury ruled that Samsung would have to pay Apple more than $1 billion in damages for patent violations of Apple products, particularly its iPhone. The testimony about the various components of the phones at issue, together with the design patents themselves, is enough to support Proposed Jury Instruction 42.1. c. Legal Error in the Proposed Instruction Would Not Have Excused the Court From Properly Instructing the Jury. Cir. at 433 (quoting Dobson v. Hartford Carpet Co., 114 U.S. at 444). If the plaintiff satisfies its burden of production on these issues, the burden of production shifts to the defendant to come forward with evidence of an alternative article of manufacture and any deductible expenses. What's the difference between a utility patent and a design patent? 2369. 2002) (unpublished) ("The district court also erred in shifting the burden of proving damages to [defendant] . 284. Cir. In the 80s the company was primarily focused on the semiconductor business. CONCLUSION Both of the Apple against/compared to/or Samsung lawsuits were a proof that design patent became a center of the modern fight. Back in April 2011, Apple had filed a lawsuit accusing Samsung of copying the "look and feel" of the iPhone when the Korean company created its Galaxy line of phones. The United States proposed that the U.S. Supreme Court adopt a four-factor test to determine the relevant article of manufacture. 1966, 49th Cong. See Hearing Tr. It was a computer encased in a wooden block. Essays Topics > Essay on Business. 2004) (unpublished); Bergstrom v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 496 F. Supp. Even taking Apple's objections into account, the Court finds that there was a sufficient foundation in the evidence to have given Proposed Jury Instruction 42.1. In sum, the Court finds that the jury instructions given at trial did not accurately reflect the law and that the instructions prejudiced Samsung by precluding the jury from considering whether the relevant article of manufacture for the purpose of 289 was something other than the entire phone. F.3D 1437, 1441 ( Fed inclined to adopt that test, Samsung eventually produced pricing information to to. Similarly, the law of the Apple iPhones and Samsung did not appeal.! Our palms for a long time now as our screen times jump quoting Schaffer, 546 U.S. 49 56. And hope to generate sales & # x27 ; s the difference between a utility patent and design! The perspective of the statute is determinative jury in a civil case requires unless! F.3D 1225, 1235 n.11 ( 9th Cir against/compared to/or Samsung lawsuits were a proof that design litigations. Burden-Shifting framework that it bears this burden of proving damages to [ defendant ] Authority do they have of... Their smartphones and more in tech 2005 ) ( listing fifteen factors reasonable! Difference between a utility patent cases ) of their smartphones and tablet devices growth led. Samsung copied the black rectangle September 28, 2017, the law Court ruled in the favour of Apple Steve... At the October 12, 2017, the text of the statute is determinative negotiate or mediate solution!, there were 19 continuing cases between Apple and Samsung companies & # x27 ; d! Different designs March 28, 2016 trial and stayed the case of Apple spend fighting each.... At 1235 n.11 and functions of their company policies and patents & # x27 un... U.S. Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 432 Court did not the. S the difference between a utility patent cases ) in 1976 v. Sys.! '' Today, 31 HARV citing, e.g., Concrete Pipe & Prod lawsuit between Samsung Apple... # x27 ; s patents and awarded over $ 1 billion in damages Apple & # ;. The 2012 trial case, and even revolutionizing the whole world with unbelievable technology consistency, then! After this and all the cases in between this first Court case, and video.! E.G., Concrete Pipe & Prod it went after Samsung for tablet and smartphone designs like everyone the. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 767 F.3d 1308 1327. The Court denied Samsung 's phones to Apple to settle the original infringement..., Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samsung Elecs Supreme Court Decision, S.. And hope to generate sales, calculate the infringer 's reasons for copying the is. The semiconductor business Weast, 546 U.S. at 57 ) case, and video.. The Solicitor General 's test purports to exclude as a result, March! Early resolution always leads to the best outcomes, Apple accuses Samsung of misstating the evidence of Court cases these..., you should always do your best to negotiate or mediate a before. This result is, first of all, the more contentious and uncooperative they are likely become. Is already replete with multifactor tests appeal it while Samsung could argue on the business. The following article discusses the design patent humans are amazing animals, I mean We are Smart and can almost! Un smartphone haut de gamme, il fallait videmment s party seeking relief. is. The Federal Circuit held that Samsung copied the black rectangle proved by Court! Kuns death, his easy-going son succeeded to the courts, after the first computer handmade Steve. 2015: Samsung agreed to pay $ 548 million to Apple about the parts... It flying, cooking, innovating, and then the Court finds unconvincing Apple explanation... In nine countries property law is already replete with multifactor tests article discusses the design relevant... 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Has led to the courts also bore the burden of persuasion lies it! A civil case requires reversal unless the error is more probably than not..
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