Air Force Senior Airman Kevin Novoa and Air Force Tech. (Photo by Josef Cole), Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret.) Whether this is accurate or not, it is unarguable that the DOD, and every organization within it, needs to act right now to protect its cyberspace. A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. November 4, 2022 Additionally, the 2019 Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-19 Competition Continuum augments this concept with the idea of continual campaigning rather than a campaign. The U.S. and Russia should consider barring cyber operations aimed at certain critical systems belonging to the other, chief among them nuclear weapons systems. A new report from the Atlantic Council on lessons from the Sunburst campaign likewise argues that government and industry should embrace an idea of persistent flow in cybersecurity, emphasizing that effective cybersecurity is more about speed, agility, and concentrated action than trying to do everything, everywhere, all at once. An attack is based on the effects that are caused, rather than the means by which they are achieved. Annual Lecture on China. CCMD-constructed networks are limited to the local CCMD services such as network share points or shared drives and are likely very small when compared to the service enterprise networks within the CCMD AOR. It leverages both space-based and ground-based assets to accomplish its missions, and is equipped with defensive as well as offensive capabilities. Formalizing data access for network defenders, cyberspace operators, and cyberspace commanders to improve cyberspace awareness and establish a common operating picture (COP). Marine Corps There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense (Figure 1). While the United States has displayed a growing willingness to launch operations against Russia, Moscow has somewhat bolstered its military cyber capacity by expanding recruiting initiatives and malware development. Doctrinally the joint force is being pushed to plan operations from a global perspective, instead of focusing only on a specific geographic area. 2) Report Cybersecurity Status: Report the consolidated cybersecurity status to the CCMD commander and to JFHQ-DODIN. Both the U.S. and Russia view misinformation and disinformation disseminated by cyber means as highly problematic. Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, and Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, and Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, Steam rises from the chimneys of a thermal power plant behind the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow, Russia January 9, 2018. The Ukrainian Army Is Leveraging Online Influencers. Structure of a US-Russia Cyber Agreement 17 January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive Russias Approach to Internet and Information Regulation: No FEAR Act Air Force Tech. Information sharing about threats, absent a strong model for interagency collaboration and a specific desired end state, is not enough. remove adversary implanted malware), but their overall unit mission remains a DODIN operations mission. Merely sitting on a chokepoint to collect information doesnt create leveragethat information needs to be translated into strategic action. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. U.S. officials fret about Moscow's ability to wield its authoritarian power to corral Russian academia, the private sector, and criminal networks to boost its cyber capacity while insulating state-backed hackers from direct attribution. Securing DoD information and systems against malicious cyber activity, including DoD information on non-DoD-owned networks; and 5. The relevant cyberspace actions to protect cyberspace are cyberspace security and cyberspace defense. By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins Both the U.S. and Russia are exposed to threats emanating from the cyber domain that can result in economic losses, political instability, erosion of public trust, extremist violence and other physical harm, as well as the destruction of military and civilian infrastructure. Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. This will also establish awareness for all stakeholders of what cyberspace terrain is part of their assigned DAO. If you become aware of postings that violate these rules regarding acceptable behavior or content, you may contact NDIA at 703.522.1820. A dual identity (military and law enforcement) and alignment under the Department of Homeland Security allow a separate cyber service to protect our nations global infrastructure from state actors who will be indistinguishable from criminal threats. Moscow sees an unwavering cyber omnipotence in the United States, capable of crafting uniquely sophisticated malware like the Stuxnet virus, all while using digital operations to orchestrate regional upheaval, such as the Arab Spring in 2011. The organizations most applicable for being supported by CCMDs are USCYBERCOM, Joint Force Headquarters DODIN (JFHQ-DODIN), and Joint Force Headquarters Cyber (JFHQ-Cyber), with the service cyber components (SCCs) supporting the CCMDs. Virtually all countries have access to some renewable energy resources (especially solar and wind power) and could thus substitute foreign supply with local resources. In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. Troops have to increasingly worry about cyberattacks. Two main strands of NATO activity are addressing this: first, the implementation of cyberspace as a domain of operations and, second, the enactment of the Cyber Defence Pledge. Inversely, Russia's capacity, particularly within its military, was outpaced by its will to use cyber operations against perceived adversaries. Increased visibility, information sharing, and capability have improved cybersecurity posture awareness for the DODIN as a whole. Like the Space Forces No Day Without Space, a Cyber Force with authorities that parallel the Coast Guards Title 14 USC would support national strategy and protect our homeland from the disastrous consequences of A Day Without Cyberspace. Step-by-step explanation. Research, ideas, and leadership for a more secure, peaceful world. 19 Ocak 2023. Directly helping all networks, including those outside the DOD, when a malicious incident arises. One example of the Department of Defense's way to leverage the cyberspace enterprise to further the United State's interest in relation to NATO is to collaborate with international partners especially with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members. These concepts describe the approach required for the cyberspace domain. Making sure leaders and their staff are cyber fluent at every level so they all know when decisions can help or harm cybersecurity. "Dominance in cyberspace has been a strategic goal of the United States since the mid-1990s," the report notes. They use information operations, troop movements, proxy fighters, propaganda, diplomacy, economic pressures, and threats to coerce countries.Jim Garamone[2]. But leverage is also a more widely useful concept for the internet and cybersecurity, and that notion should play a bigger part in discussions around U.S. cyber strategy. USA.gov Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. Navy Warfare Development Center (NWDC) History repeated itself when again, at civilian direction the Department of Defense was ordered to create a new Space Force. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. An example would be an attack on critical infrastructure such as the power grid. [9] Office of Management and Budget, Federal Cybersecurity Risk Determination Report and Action Plan (Risk Report), (Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget, 2018), https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=811093. There are no physical forces to defeat in cyberspace, but rather there are adversary cyberspace effects that can be defeated through various means ranging from friendly CO to delivering targeted kinetic effects. The Pentagon now views space as a warfighting domain on par with land, sea, air and cyber, as advanced adversaries such as China and Russia bolster their anti-satellite weapons. [2] Garamone, Jim, Global Integration Seeks to Buy Leaders Decision Time, Increase Speed of Relevance, DOD News, July 2, 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1565240/global-integration-seeks-to-buy-leaders-decision-time-increase-speed-of-relevan/. Army Services/Handout via REUTERS, Year in Review 2019: The U.S.-China Tech Cold War Deepens and Expands. This effort includes working with allies and partners, she noted. Open and reliable access to the Internet is essential for global security and prosperity. Regarding the timeline for when Spacecom/Cybercom will be successful with fully operational capabilities, it is prudent to accept it cannot be before CyberSpaceCom commands and exercises their leadership control with missions it has given the president to announce in any novel policy decision which has the Unites States demonstrating attractive leadership, mutually beneficial to all, globally. While a formal, binding bilateral agreement is not possible now due to mutual mistrust, misunderstanding and stark differences in approaches to the cyber domain, necessary steps by Moscow and Washington include bilateral engagement, Track 2 and/or 1.5 dialogues and well thought-out confidence-building measures. (617) 495-1400. Appendix 2 69, Analysis & Opinions Washington could follow Moscow's lead in realizing that this is a long-term struggle that requires innovative and thoughtful solutions as opposed to reflexive ones. You are also agreeing to our. Moreover, the U.S. authors wonder how to overcome the depth and nature of the mistrust in Washington in pursuing meaningful dialogue, since there is a perception that Moscow has denied capabilities and actions that the U.S. considers to be well established. If you violate this Legal Notice, NDIA may, in its sole discretion, delete the unacceptable content from your posting, remove or delete the posting in its entirety, issue you a warning, and/or terminate your use of the NDIA site. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. Additionally, once all MRT-C and KT-C are identified, the information should be stored and shared using an existing secure database. 41 (At least. More than 5.3 million others are still estimated to be . These DOD cyberspace efforts include standardizing network sensors, implementing tiered local/region/global data aggregation, using the data to establish role-based common operating pictures, implementing zero trust architecture, and possibly even establishing a cyber service to advocate cyber power with a separate voice within the military. The department will do this by: Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Four Pillars U.S. National Cyber Strategy, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. The Sunburst campaign provides myriad reasons for the U.S. government and industry to reassess their policies and practices on the likes of both cloud and supply chain security[PDF]. Conditions Necessary for Negotiating a Successful Agreement 13 Coreless Stretch Film; Pre-Stretch Film; Hand Roll; Machine Roll; Jumbo Roll; Industrial Plastic Division. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary. Renewables are widely perceived as an opportunity to shatter the hegemony of fossil fuel-rich states and democratize the energy landscape. There are also cyber criminals who pose a growing threat from their use of ransomware to extort money from local and state governments as well as the commercial sector, she said. DACO has been delegated to JFHQ-DODIN and provides authority to direct cyberspace operations related to global DODIN operations and DCO-IDM within each DOD components DAO. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Analysis & Opinions Often, there are pieces of cyberspace terrain that are critical for mission or network function that are not obvious (e.g. The end state of all these initiatives is that DOD cybersecurity efforts have moved away from localized efforts and expertise, and transitioned to established cybersecurity standards across the DOD. Since the US has experienced successful and harmful cyber-attacks on the critical infrastructures, protecting the DOD cyberspace from adversaries is more important than ever. Renewing America, Backgrounder Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. This statement could be a result of the DoD's limited . Points of leverage on the internet can shift at varying speeds, whether from defensive and offensive cyber actions or physical alterations to the internets topology. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. 3) Identify all MRT-C and KT-C: Identify what cyberspace terrain is relevant from a mission commander standpoint. At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. If ever a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement is signed, theU.S. and Russiawill have to think creatively about compliance verification, which is particularly difficult in the cyber domain. Creating competitions and other processes to identify top-tier cyber specialists who can help with the DODs toughest challenges. For more information on this publication: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, We Dont Need to Reinvent our Democracy to Save it from AI, The Chinese Balloon Was a Necessary Wake-Up Call, Chinas BeiDou: New Dimensions of Great Power Competition, The War in Ukraine at One Year: Belfer Center Perspectives, Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, US-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, Meghan O'Sullivan Named Director of Belfer Center, SVAC Explainer: Wartime Sexual Violence in Ukraine, 2014-2021. The Russian Federation's willingness to engage in offensive cyber operations has caused enormous harm, including massive financial losses, interruptions to the operation of critical infrastructure, and disruptions of crucial software supply chains. The process of identifying this terrain requires both technical understanding and knowledge of the commanders missions. A highly regarded news source for defense professionals in government and industry, National Defense offers insight and analysis on defense programs, policy, business, science and technology. - Foreign Policy, Analysis & Opinions Harvard Kennedy School Dean Douglas Elmendorf has announced that Kennedy School Professor Meghan OSullivan, a former senior national security advisor, will be the next director of the Center, beginning July 2023. Adopting cybersecurity best practices such as implementing zero trust architecture. While establishing cyber norms and rules that can apply on an international scale is a worthy goal, it does not negate the benefits of a bilateral agreement. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School. USCYBERCOM has directive authority for cyberspace operations (DACO), established by CJCS EXORD, that enables DOD-wide synchronized protection of the DODIN. The Russian author points out that the world is getting increasingly divided over two competing approaches to managing cyberspace, with Western democracies dominating one side and Russia and China the other. By Natasha Yefimova-Trilling and Simon Saradzhyan, In recent years, as news of U.S.-Russian tensions in the cyber domain has dominated headlines, some strategic thinkers have pointed to the need for a bilateral cyber rules of the road agreement. The Pardee RAND Graduate School (PardeeRAND.edu) is home to the only Ph.D. and M.Phil. If so, what form could it take? The full consequences of potential adversary cyberspace operations (CO) in the DOD are still being fully understood. While all the authors describe steps that the two sides could take now, the U.S. authors devote considerable attention to five prerequisites they consider necessary for the start of future talks on bilateral cyber rules of the road: codified procedural norms (as noted above), the appropriate rank of participants on both sides, clear attribution standards, a mutual understanding of proportional retaliatory actions and costly signaling., The Russian author believes that Moscow must agree to discuss cyber-related topics in a military context. Although the existence of a separate Air Force is no longer controversial, its creation was often characterized by resistance from within the military amidst advocacy from civilian political pressures. More commercial technology will be integrated into current systems for maximum effectiveness in the ever-changing cybersphere. Joint Electronic Library (JEL+), An official website of the United States government, U.S. Cyber Command members work in the Integrated Cyber Center, Joint Operations Center at Fort George G. Meade, Md., April. 1 "Defense Critical Infrastructure" refers to the composite of DoD and non-DoD assets essential to project, support, WhatsApp. The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. Definitions of cyber-related terms need to be clarified as much as possible. - War on the Rocks, How Russian cyberwarfare could impact Ukraine & NATO response, DOD's Cyber Strategy: 5 Things to Know - U.S. Department of Defense, NATO-INDUSTRY FORUM 2019 - BREAKOUT SESSION ONE Tasking, Collecting, Russia-Ukraine conflict: How NATO, Minsk accords factor into the crisis, DOD Official Outlines U.S. Nuclear Deterrence . Unlike space, cyberspace has a critical parallel with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and overwhelmingly used for commerce. crucial to the global internets very function, exploit or protect those points of leverage. Cyberspace is critical to the way the entire U.S. functions. Sgt. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. by Lindsay Maizland Kyle Hanslovan, a cyber-warfare specialist serving with the 175th Cyberspace Operations Group of the Maryland Air National Guard, works in the Hunter's Den at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Md., Dec. 2, 2017. While the authors are all affiliated with different institutions, they have written this paper in their personal capacity, representing the views of neither their organizations nor their governments. As the United States emerges from the era of so-called forever wars, it should abandon the regime change business for good. Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. Using insights from the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset, this policy brief by Ketaki Zodgekar outlines key trends in the use of sexual violence in Russias war against Ukraine between 2014 and 2021. Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. The U.S. and Russia should strive toward a much better understanding of one anothers red lines (i.e., what actions would trigger retaliation, especially kinetic retaliation) and cyber-mission priorities, intents, capabilities and organization. Like space, cyberspace is still a new frontier for military practitioners. 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