Unemployment insurance receipts rose by $14 billion (36%) as states continued to replenish their trust funds, and customs duties and excise tax receipts went up by $16 billion (29%) and $11 billion (21%) respectively, reflecting an increase in imports and economic activity. (1161h), Definition of early childhood education program. ", In the spring of 2009, the Obama Administration announced that it was considering strengthening various consumer protections in higher education, including establishing guidelines about programs eligible under the gainful employment provision of the HEA. The FY2020 budget splits into two distinct halves: before and after COVID-19 and its economic fallout. Additionally, Federal Reserve remittances increased by 14% ($3 billion) partly due to lower short-term interest rates that reduced its interest expenses. [39] For vocational training, including at accredited for-profit schools, Congress in 1965 established a separate student loan program for education "designed to fit individuals for useful employment in recognized occupations. This can cause a monthly deficit to be artificially increased or decreased, which is particularly important to note when comparing the figure to prior-year deficits. [34] Further extensions followed, without major amendments to the HEA. While Atta-ur-Rahman is known as the founder and builder of commission, Javaid Laghari is recognized by all academics as the one who saved it from devolution and disintegration. (1136b), Administrative provisions for subparts 1through 4. The majority of the second and third round of stimulus checks were disbursed in January and March 2021, driving spending on refundable tax credits during the past fiscal year. After declining from 2019 to 2020, individual income tax receipts have bounced back this year, rising 26% ($382 billion) over the same 11-month period in 2020. [81] Investigations have also been initiated against Banuri for falsely declaring himself as a tenured Professor before the selection committee. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; On October 27, 2009, the Department published in the Federal Register final regulations governing institutional eligibility and the Secretary's recognition of accrediting agencies. [28] Significant controversy surrounded the inclusion of anti-P2P legislation into HEOA of 2008, resulting in a letter from a number of leaders in higher education.[29]. Novembers deficit is 46 percent ($64 billion) higher than the deficit recorded a year earlier in November 2017. As the economy added back jobs that were lost in 2020 and some states ended enhanced unemployment benefits early, spending on unemployment compensation was down 14% ($61 billion) compared to last year. UI and PPP have received consistent and large surges in spending since the beginning of the federal coronavirus response: From April through July, SBA outlays have been $564 billion more this year than last, while outlays for UI benefits have risen by $358 billion. This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nations national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students. (After accounting for timing shifts, spending rose by 6% or $90 billion. (1140k), Establishment of Advisory Commission on Accessible Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities. As a result, year-over-year comparisons now are largely capturing variations in emergency responses to COVID-19 rather than underlying trends in the governments fiscal health. [40], Since the reforms in higher education have been carried out in 2002, commission has received praise from the international higher education observers. Of all outlays, unemployment insurance benefitswhich totaled $3 billion last December but $28 billion this Decembercontributed the most to the spending increase. We work cooperatively with the New England and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Councils, and the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission to develop, review, and implement fishery management plans in federal waters (from 3 to 200 nautical miles). : 12, 21 The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on an individual's race, color, national origin, religion, sex (including sexual orientation, pregnancy, (1128a), Centers for international business education. The Higher Education Act of 1965 was reauthorized in 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998, and 2008. [11], In 1979, President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's policies announced "The National Education Policy, 1979" (NEP-79) which saw the harmonization of higher education in Pakistan with Islamic concepts and the national ideology. So far this fiscal year, revenues are up 1%. So far this fiscal year, the federal government has run a cumulative deficit of $2.2 trillion, the difference between $3.1 trillion in revenue and $5.3 trillion in spending. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the federal government ran a deficit of $20 billion in December 2021, the third month of fiscal year 2022. "[46] The commission instituted major upgrades for scientific laboratories, rehabilitating existing educational facilities, expanding the research support and overseeing the development of one of the best digital libraries in the region. In December 2017, House Republicans announced that they had finalized an overhaul of the act, authored primarily by Representative Virginia Foxx of (R - N.C.), the chairwoman of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce. Although this Julys deficit was actually smaller than last Julys $120 billion deficit, the change does not represent an improved fiscal condition but a mere timing shift. Reauthorization; Law Increases Aid, Expands Eligibility - Education Week", "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: White House; Bush Proposes Expansion Of Student Loan Program (Published 1992)", "Learn Now, Pay Later: A History of Income-Contingent Student Loans in the United States", "Senate Study Sees 'Ultimate Collapse' of U.S. Loan Program Unless Reforms Are Made", "In Service to America: Celebrating 165 Years of Career and Professional Education", https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED332631.pdf, "Voter Registration Provision in Higher Education Amendments of 1998 | Global Risk Management Services", "H.R.1412 - 108th Congress (2003-2004): Higher Education Relief Opportunities for Students Act of 2003", http://www.aauw.org/advocacy/issue_advocacy/actionpages/upload/higherEdAct.pdf, "A Strong Step for Students: House Higher Education Bill Promotes Innovation and Student Success", "Congress Expands Basic Aid and Supports Innovation in Student Success, Basic Skills, and Workforce Partnerships", "Higher Education Opportunity Act - 2008", "Higher Education Opportunity Act Anti-P2P provisions - 2008", "Dealing With the Higher Education Opportunity Act's New Copyright Protection Requirement", "Letter Opposing The Inclusion Of The Entertainment Industry Proposal On Illegal File Sharing In The HEA Sent By The Higher Education Members Of The Joint Committee", "Higher Education Act and Department of Education", "New Higher Education Bill Rolls Back Obama-Era Safeguards", "CBO estimates show House higher ed bill could hit student loan borrowers hard", "Press Release | Press Releases | Media | House Committee on Education & the Workforce - Democrats", "Civic Nation BrandVoice: It's Time For Congress To Help Students Vote", "Statement by the President Upon Signing the National Vocational Student Loan Insurance Act. (1131b), Authorization [of appropriations]. Interactive lectures from foreign universities are also arranged. (1087gg), Determination of expected family contribution; data elements. Fiscal year 2021 brought booming returns to higher education endowments. Individual income and payroll tax receipts increased by $742 billion (25%). Individual income and payroll taxes together rose by $760 billion (42%), largely driven by a $445 billion (119%) spike in non-withheld payments of income and payroll taxes. Analysis of Notable Trends this Fiscal Year to Date: Increased revenues were driven mostly by a 7 percent ($65 billion) increase in payroll taxes due to the strong labor market that has resulted in continued job growth and rising wages. A majority of the rise was due to the additional $600 in weekly benefits for all recipients. The expiration of pandemic-related relief spending, such expanded unemployment insurance, certain tax credits, and other public benefit programs, accounts for most of that change. Federal spending remains stratospheric, primarily as a result of COVID-19 relief programs. As the world of education changes, Gale continues to adapt to the needs of customers and users. This deficit level is $95 billion (30%) less than the deficit recorded in February 2021. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the federal government ran a deficit of $216 billion in February 2022, the fifth month of fiscal year 2022. And outlays from the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fundwhich in recent months has mostly reimbursed health care providers for greater costs and lower revenue due to the pandemic and paid for testing and treatment of COVID-19increased from $192 million last September to $7 billion this September. However, this deficit is $17 billion (5%) larger than the deficit accrued during the first quarter of FY2020, before the start of the pandemic. Similarly, the $1.48 trillion deficit so far this fiscal year is on track to be the largest deficit as a share of the economy since World War II. The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 is amended as 45. [16] To facilitate distance education and to promote information technology, a number of facilitating measures were taken by Atta-ur-Rahman. The Congressional Budget Office reported that the federal government generated a $120 billion deficit in July, the tenth month of Fiscal Year 2019. Greater revenues this fiscal year are partly the result of growing wages and salariesespecially for higher-income workers who pay most income taxesand, to a lesser extent, due to elevated unemployment insurance payroll taxes as states replenish their trust funds. (1015), Transparency in college tuition for consumers. Furthermore, for most businesses, the first quarterly income tax payment of the fiscal year was due on December 15. Part of this growth is driven by the IRS extension of the deadline for filing tax returns in 2021, which pushed revenues that would typically arrive in April into May. With the bulk of extraordinary pandemic spending wound down, the three areas most responsible for the year-over-year increase in the monthly deficit were unemployment insurance (spending up $23 billion year-over-year), entitlements ($6 billion more on Medicare, $4 billion more on Social Security, and $4 billion more on Medicaid), and interest on the debt ($3 billion more than last November). The Agriculture Departments Food and Nutrition Service also saw increased spending of $30 billion (23%), reflecting higher average SNAP benefits and more meals provided to students nationwide during the 2021-2022 school year. So far this year, revenues were $789 billion (24%) higher than over the same period in FY2021. (1101), Program authority and eligibility. Analysis of notable trends: Halfway through fiscal year 2022, the cumulative deficit has fallen relative to last year and is now comparable to pre-COVID deficits. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the federal government ran a deficit of $191 billion in March 2022, the sixth month of fiscal year 2022. Those two lawsuits allege various procedural defects and are still pending.[48][49]. Individual income tax refunds also increased by 68%, further lowering net revenue. Almost half of all government spending in June was through the SBA. [68] Currently there are more than 150 universities across Pakistan which are availing this facility for conducting lectures, meetings and other events etc. For example, the federal government recorded an $83 billion surplus last September (or a surplus of $31 billion after accounting for a shift in the timing of some payments). Revenues rose 3% from last December, thanks to greater individual income and payroll tax receipts. The changes took effect on July 1, 2010. Outlays for refundable tax credits also declined, dropping by 24% ($49 billion), as most economic impact payments authorized under the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021 were disbursed in January 2021, with no such payments during the current fiscal year. The federal deficit has now swelled to $1.7 trillion in fiscal year 2021, 129% higher than at this point last year. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the federal government ran a deficit of $225 billion in April, the seventh month of fiscal year 2021. As in previous months, the rise in spending was driven by increasing expenditures on the military (7%, or $22 billion), Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid (6%, or $57 billion total), and net interest on the public debt (5%, or $10 billion). [74] Laghari also went on a media and public speaking and OpEd writing campaign to save the higher education sector from the clutches of politicians. [44], The for-profit industry filed a lawsuit to stop the implementation of the gainful employment rule. Analysis of notable trends: The pandemic response continues to disrupt normal spending and revenue patterns. Total revenues so far in Fiscal Year 2019 increased by 0.1 percent ($2 billion), while spending increased by 9.4 percent ($93 billion), compared to the same period last year. General coronavirus relief to states and localities by $138 billion (57%). In January 1965, President Lyndon Johnson told Congress that higher education was "no longer a luxury but a necessity" and urged Congress to enact legislation to expand access to college. As a result, a number of minority groups united in asking for certain changes. For a more up-to-date version of the U.S. Code, see the Office of the Law Revision Counsel website of the U.S. House of Representatives. "[32], During this reform period of 2008, Title VI of the HEA was reviewed. Other areas will be regulated either through the usual notice and comment process or, where regulations will merely reflect the changes to the HEA and not expand upon those changes, as technical changes. The Secretary also amends the regulations for Student Assistance General Provisions, the Federal Perkins Loan (Perkins Loan) Program, the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program, and the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program to implement certain provisions of the HEA that involve school-based loan issues and that were affected by the statutory changes made to the HEA by the HEOA. So far this fiscal year, the federal government has run a cumulative deficit of $2.1 trillion, the difference between $2.6 trillion of revenue and $4.7 trillion of spending. (1161m), Statement of purpose; definition. In the first eight months of FY2021, SBA spent $294 billion, largely on loans to small businesses under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). This deficit is 10% lower ($295 billion less) than over the same period in FY2020, but more than 150% larger than the FY2019 deficit ($1.6 trillion greater) at this point in the year. Efforts to update the Higher Education Act stalled as the COVID-19 pandemic put Congressional discussions on hold. These summaries are released around the fifth business day of each month and preview the release of official budget data from the Treasury Department, which is released around the eighth business day of each month (except end-of-year data, which tends to be released later each October). Analysis of Notable Trends this Fiscal Year to Date: Income tax refunds were down by 5 percent ($12 billion) compared to last tax season, contrary to many analysts expectations. The 2019 rule was proposed at 83 Federal Register 40167 (2018) and finalized at Notice of Final Rulemaking: 84 Federal Register 31382 (2019). This has been changed to a no "substantial gainful activity" test, which is the same standard used by the Social Security Administration in determining eligibility for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). [55] Atta-ur-Rahman was conferred the highest national Award of the Republic of China, the Friendship Award, in September 2014, and then elected as Academician (Foreign Member) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, a prestigious honour [56] for his contributions to develop strong linkages between Pakistan and China in various fields of higher education, science and technology. Higher Education Act 2004. Corporate income tax revenues increased by 31% ($28 billion) over the past five months compared to the same period last fiscal year. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 has a long history of trying to get passed by Congress. This is the first time in FY2021 that the cumulative deficit has decreased year-over-year. The Department will award these grants to institutions of higher education (IHE) based on a formula stipulated in the legislation. The changes included cutting off aid at schools with high default rates, prohibiting the use of commission-based sales agents in recruiting and limiting HEA funding to no more than 85 percent of any for-profit college's revenue. To note, May spending was impacted by May 1 falling on a weekend, shifting certain payments into April that are normally paid at the beginning of May. Spending rose $22 billion (4%) year-over-year. This year, however, the deadline for final payment of income taxes has been pushed back to May 17, making April 2021 fiscally unique. (1122), Undergraduate international studies and foreign language programs. Novembers deficit is 1% ($2 billion) higher than the deficit recorded a year earlier in November 2018. Analysis of notable trends: CBO notes that the fiscal year so far can be split into two distinct parts: one before the new coronavirus had affected economic output and federal finances (October through March) and one in which the pandemic had ravaged both (April and May). President Musharraf invited scientist and chemist Atta-ur-Rahman, who was Federal Minister of Science and Technology, to be its first chair, and immediately passed the Presidential Ordinance on 11 September 2002 to establish the Higher Education Commission. As of March 2022, 38 states and the District of Columbia have accepted the Affordable Care Act Medicaid extension; 12 states have not. This deficit is the difference between an estimated $285 billion in revenues and $451 billion in outlays. [38] Though the executive director is the administrative head of the commission, almost every decision in the commission is taken with the consent of the chairman. Strong revenue growth and lower levels of spending contributed to the shrinking deficit. In Schedule 5, in paragraph 6 (adjudicators, procedure) for subparagraphs 46. Through the first eight months of FY2022, revenues were higher by $768 billion (29%) than over the same period in FY2021. CBO now anticipates that total FY2022 revenues will be $400 to $500 billion above projections. Finally, interest on the public debt continues to be one of the fastest-growing pieces of the budget, up by $73 billion (29%) fiscal year to date. (1082), Student loan information by eligible lenders. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the federal government ran a deficit of $658 billion in March 2021, the sixth month of fiscal year 2021. The character of spending increases also changed from the first to the second half of the year. [9] This was followed by the Eighth Five-year Plans launched by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993 which focused on primary education.[9]. If not for timing shifts of certain payments, the deficit would have been 9 percent ($14 billion) smaller than the deficit in March 2018. The Department has published a Dear Colleague Letter which provides a summary of each provision of the HEOA. Nonwithheld income and payroll taxes also fell 7%, while corporate income taxes fell by 21%. Notably, the deficit as of April was smaller than the deficit over the first seven months of FY2019 ($530 billion), which predated the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, outlays were $1.0 trillion (17%) lower than the same 10-month period in FY2021 due to the continued phasing out of pandemic-related programs that were still fully in effect in July 2021. Analysis of Notable Trends in This Fiscal Year to Date: Through the first four months of FY2020, revenue from corporate income taxes rose by 27% ($16 billion). [9] Colleges were transformed into full-scale research universities and special research institutes were established in all over the country. (1066c), HBCU Capital Financing Advisory Board. Outlays for certain refundable tax credits rose by 347% ($59 billion), with Advance Child Tax Credit payments accounting for most of this spike. Conversely, net interest payments on the national debt were up 15 percent ($20 billion) from October-February 2019 compared to the same period in Fiscal Year 2018. Atta-ur_Rahman has received number of prestigious international awards for the remarkable transformation of the higher education sector under his leadership. Most CCRA provisions took effect on October 1, 2007. (1161c), Capacity for nursing students and faculty. Meanwhile, spending this September was 70% greater than last September (albeit only 44% greater when accounting for a shift in the timing of some payments). The deficit tracker graphic is updated retroactively with official Treasury data; the monthly text entries are not. This deficit was the difference between $389 billion in receipts and $452 billion in spending, down from a $132 billion deficit in May 2021. The year-over-year surge in the deficit is the sum of slightly lower revenues3% lower than last October, mostly due to lower receipts of individual income taxesand much greater outlays37% greater than last October (23% greater when accounting for the timing shift of some payments), mainly because of the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout. Monthly deficits continue to be pushed upward by the federal governments response to the COVID-19 emergency: The biggest fiscal change between last June and this one was on the spending side, and the biggest spending changes were from coronavirus-related programs. [57] The President of China Xi Jinping conferred the highest scientific award of China to the Pakistani scientist Atta-ur-Rahman in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on 10 January 2020. Congressional Research Service. Analysis of notable trends: December extended the pattern of fiscal year 2021, with little year-over-year change in revenue but a 17% rise in spending. But federal finances deteriorated more than the raw numbers suggest. Through the first seven months of FY2022, the federal government ran a deficit of $295 billion, $1.58 trillion (84%) less than at the same point in FY2021. Total revenues so far this fiscal year are down 11% ($256 billion) compared to the same point last year, while outlays are up 29% ($886 billion). and states contribute 25 percent, Increase the maximum Pell Grant award by $500 and permanently index the award to inflation, Simplify FAFSA, including an automatic zero EFC for recipients of means-tested benefits, Create the Federal Direct Perkins Loan Program to provide an additional source of borrowing for undergraduates and graduates, Allow Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and certain other undocumented students access to federal student aid, Repeal the federal "student unit record" ban and require the Education Department to develop a system that uses student-level data to evaluate postsecondary outcomes, Change the 90/10 rule ratio (the percentage cap of Title IV aid an institution may receive) to 85/15 and expand it to include all educational programs, Require the Education Department to establish a Borrower Defense to Repayment process to discharge the federal loans of students who were defrauded by their colleges, Require the Education Department to establish a compliance standard that includes a debt-to-earnings threshold for training programs that are statutorily required to lead to gainful employment. Across the first quarter of FY2022, spending ticked up by $75 billion (6%) year-over-year to a total of $1.4 trillion. 5. Cumulative year-to-date outlays increased 4% ($225 billion) compared to the first 10 months of FY2020, again driven by pandemic-relief programs. Other major spending items related to COVID-19 and its economic fallout have followed the same trajectory. Finally, net interest payments on the federal debt continued to rise, increasing by 14 percent ($48 billion) versus last year due to higher interest rates and a larger federal debt burden. Junes deficit was the difference between $450 billion in revenue and $623 billion in spending. Learn how and when to remove this template message, accrediting the higher education institutions, universities and degree awarding institutes, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development, "Budget 201314: Higher education gets attention, finally", "Silent Revolution in Higher Education Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS (NI, HI, SI, TI) | FIRD Forum for International Relations Development", "The Contribution of the Private Sector to Higher Education in Pakistan with Particular Reference to Efficiency and Equity", "History of Educational Policy Making and Planning in Pakistan", "Major Education Policies and Commission", "THE UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION ACT, 1974 Josh and Mak International", "OVERVIEW OF HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION (HEC) SUPPORT FOR ACADEMIA IN PAKISTAN", "Boom and bust plagues Pakistan's universities", "Professor Atta-ur-Rahman: towering scientific achievements", "Pakistani startups raise $85 million in 2021 with rush of foreign capital in fintechs", "Higher Education Commission main web page", "PM okays task force to form tech-driven knowledge economy", "Pakistan to be shifted towards technology driven knowledge economy: Report", "Cabinet approves task force on science and tech", "Development budget of science & technology ministry increased by 600pc: Fawad", "Prime Minister Imran Khan launches Pakistan-Austria institute to promote science and technology education | Pakistan Gulf News", "Notification of Steering Committee, University of Applied Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Sambrial | Higher Education Department, Government of the Punjab", "Govt changes master plan of Islamabad to set up university at PM House", "How to Apply for HEC Laptop Scheme Phase 4 [20% Apply Wrong]", "Shams Kassim-Lakha appointed HEC Chairman", "Contract end nears: HEC chief's extension now improbable", "USAID Funded Merit and Needs-Based Scholarship", http://images.info.science.thomsonreuters.biz/Web/ThomsonReutersScience/%7Bdab71dc1-d7d8-48af-88a6-fa7efa61ae22%7D_Pakistan_Citation_Report_FINAL.pdf, "In Defense of HEC's Key Role in Pakistan's Higher Education", "Chinese research center to be named after Dr Attaur Rahman", http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/Flyer-Lecture_Pakistan_WSD14.pdf, "Foreign Members-Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences", "The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News", "Prof Attaur Rahman honoured with Chinese highest scientific award", "Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report", "Saving HEC: Revolution needed against devolution", "Two Pakistani universities ranked among top 200 World's Technology Universities", "International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences", "Dr AQ Khan says: HEC is a strategic organisation, don't shred it to pieces", "Time to save the Higher Education Commission", "Ata ur Rehman School of Thought | the Pakistani Spectator", "Zardari to personally look into HEC devolution", "HEC devolution is unconstitutional: Javaid Laghari", "HEC scholarship programmes to continue: Rabbani", "18th Amendment implementation: Supreme Court comes to HEC's rescue", "Questions over autonomy: HEC controversy lands in apex court", "Ahmed Farooq Bazai appointed acting HEC chairman", "NAB begins action against HEC chairman Dr Tariq Banuri", "Tariq Banuri's research works | Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal (IBSD) and other places", "PM denies Javed Laghari another term as HEC chairman", "Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed assumes charge of Chairman HEC", "Dr Tariq Banuri appointed as HEC chairman", "IHC restores Dr Tariq Banuri as HEC chairman", "Pakistan: sense of urgency powered education reforms", HEC's ranking of universities in Pakistan, Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN), List of illegal/fake universities and campuses, Higher Education Commission's Video Conferencing Page, Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, National Commission for Human Development, National Vocational and Technical Training Commission, Federal government ministries of Pakistan, https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/scholarshipsgrants/NBS/Pages/default.aspx, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)&oldid=1119750223, Pakistan federal departments and agencies, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles needing cleanup from November 2021, Articles with bare URLs for citations from November 2021, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2021, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Higher education infrastructure development, Increase industry and university research collaboration, Tripled university enrollment from 135,000 from 19472003 to 400,000 from 20042008, Promoted research, resulting in huge expansion of international research publications from Pakistan from only 600 research papers per year in 2003 to 4300 research papers in 2008. 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