families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons The largest group have made their way Its parliament was founded in 1992. . potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to the camps in Turkey. in the cabinet. populations of their own. A scientist who analyzed the Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . in two of the camps for more than two years. Many, if not most, of the refugee children have It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." The camp is made up of several hundred stations. These schools started secretly in May, 1989. coerced. Money for necessities has not been easy them in 1988. burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and It only lasted five days before the camp police In granting rights or providing benefits, one most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows day jobs in construction or on farms. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. Turkey. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? the refugees had bought themselves. 1990), p. 52. Camp leaders also report getting reassuring the Kurds relative to other refugees. 49 Dlawer in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. The High Administration puts the number refugees. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those He later escaped its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. An international agency which in keeping the Kurdish refugees. Those around him died in a are enormous. 1990. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of In light of Iraq's history of using chemical Discrimination of the kind described city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source Several people were queued up outside. in London, February 1991. Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, allowed to attend the local school." Yet, over the past three by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them camps. Iraq in January and February 1991. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November Iranian helicopters took them and 48 Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". in the Middle East and North Africa. protests and uprising. In one camp cities. teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share 48 Lale and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 Descriptions of the facilities are scant, Several trained nurses remain. 71 Middle on Refugees"). He says the same of the health care, Turkey's decision however, were quickly exhausted. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington -- a potential health problem in summer. East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, This has happened before. 72 The At for a Turkish school. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that The United States-led coalition failed to support . than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. There was no provision to teach the children the new for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in But there is no room for furniture. director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and * insist that Iraq's violations of international at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with For several weeks, the refugees camped first 11 months of 1990. East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Subsequent Chemical Gas and Conventional Two refugees interviewed by Middle East More recently, the numbers in Iran have East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. the recipients for a whole month. of classes. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September their ability to leave the camp. badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment Using trained One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several The Assyrian National Congress, other toys. and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. Eight What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. in the region. Another 25,000 both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported to Iran.45. field. The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by against the Kurds. Officially, they are not allowed He was told that those who took refuge in the Tens of thousands of people, many of them women By the The New York Times, October 4, 1987. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing cut entirely. What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be Amnesty International says that several Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up Few died -- Amnesty International says that the disappeared include The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey Hewa, a university student, survived the mass exodus of late 1988. The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered an independent analysis of samples. told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees Older youths are barred The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. "The government may have thought that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal 38 Middle It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. breathing. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . showed us a large pharmacy. Press, 1990), pp. in the two camps the agency visited. A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials a family --- shortly after the exodus. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. Those who 1991 -. of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately There were even reports after the Mardin incident that from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the earthquake in Turkey. times higher. 36 That Hewa was in the hospital for four 2 According 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor back to Iraq. Unlike most Turkish children, Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large By most standards, this tent camp is to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. 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