(b) When two-thirds of the Councils of the member States of the Federation approve the proposed amendment by majority votes. Members of the House may vote only when they are present in person in the House. 2. Government shall ensure the participation of women in equality with men in all economic and social development endeavours. 3. Particulars shall be determined by law. While this Article will be comprehensive, it will focus on the goals included in the Constitutional Preamble. 7. Compare and contrast the features of these systems and assess their, Today's world seems to be moving beyond sovereignty and toward supranational leadership to cooperate on issues of global importance. Residents of Addis Ababa shall in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, be represented in the House of Peoples' Representatives. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the right to speak, to write and to develop its own language; to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to preserve its history. 14 Articles 53-62. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity, reputation and honour. To recommend to the Prime Minister or to the Council of Ministers corrective measures if it finds any case of inhumane treatment. Public officials shall respect and protect these rights. Article 51, in enumerating the federal (i.e. The particulars of recall shall be determined by law. 3. 11. The House of Peoples Representatives is the highest authority of the Federal Government. The implementation shall be specified by law. No member of the House of the Federation may be prosecuted on account of any vote he casts or opinion he expresses in the House, nor shall any administrative action be taken against any member on such grounds. Without prejudice to the right of Ethiopian Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples to the ownership of land, government shall ensure the right of private investors to the use of land on the basis of payment arrangements established by law. org P DF g e ne r a te d: 27 Apr 2022, 10:41 E t hiopia 1 9 9 4 Pa g e 2 Ta b le o f c o n te n ts 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 9 14 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 5 15 1 5 1 5 1 6 17 1 7 1 7 1 9 Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal access to publicly funded social services. 3. Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty to protect the countrys natural endowment, historical sites and objects. A state of emergency decreed by the Council of Ministers, if approved by the House of Peoples Representatives, can remain in effect up to six months. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shall be respected. [42][43] Many states have unicameral house and parliamentary council functioned to enact and decide laws in the constitution, in spite of two second legislative bodies could determine the constitutional issues similar to House of Federation. It shall levy and collect taxes on monopolies. (a) of this sub-Article, the decree declaring a state of emergency when the House of Peoples Representatives is not in session shall be submitted to it within fifteen days of its adoption. Particulars shall be determined by law. 2. It shall formulate the countrys foreign policy and exercise overall supervision over its implementation. (c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to any office at any level of government; elections shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors. 17. He leads the Council of Ministers, coordinates its activities and acts as its representative. [1] The House of People's Representatives (HoPR) is the lower chamber of bicameral legislature of Federal Parliamentary Assembly with 547 seats and the House of Federation with 108 seats, the former vested on executive power of Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, and the latter have authority to interpret federal law and oversees regional and federal decisions. Accordingly, the Ethiopian state shall be known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 2. The term of office of the President shall be six years. 2. When a demand for secession has been approved by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Legislative Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concerned; When the demand for secession is supported by a majority vote in the referendum; When the Federal Government will have transferred its powers to the Council of the Nation, Nationality or People who has voted to secede; and. 2. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration, Federal defence forces to arrest a deteriorating security situation within the requesting State when its authorities are unable to control it. Trafficking in human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited. The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account, women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to affirmative measures. The term "Government" in this Chapter shall mean a Federal or State government as the case may be. 2. It shall enact civil laws which the House of the Federation deems necessary to establish and sustain one economic community. Art. 3. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their children ensuring their religious and moral education in conformity with their own convictions. Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community. 2. He selects and submits for approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives nominations for posts of Commissioners, the President and Vice-President of the Federal Supreme Court and the Auditor General. [76] The Addis Ababa City Court have civil, criminal and petty offense jurisdiction, whereas the Oromia Region Government similarly implemented municipal court consisting 10,000 people. Judges of State First-Instance Courts shall, upon recommendation by the state Judicial Administration Council, be appointed by the State Council. 1. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference of influence of any governmental body, government official or from any other source. 12 Nahom, above n 6, at 51. 1. 5. States shall levy and collect profit and sales taxes on individual traders carrying out a business within their territory. When the demand for statehood has been approved by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concerned, and the demand is presented in writing to the State Council; 7. The member states of the Federation shall determine their respective official languages. 3. 3. Federal and State powers are defined by this Constitution. It shall carry out other responsibilities that may be entrusted to it by the House of Peoples' Representatives and the Prime Minister. 2. 7. Consistent with the provisions sub-Article 3 of Article 98, States shall levy and collect taxes on income derived from mining operations, and royalties and land rentals on such operations. The Highest executive powers of the Federal Government are vested in the Prime Minister and in the Council of Ministers. It shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce. The State administration constitutes the highest organ of executive power. WP(C)No Civil Appeal Nos. 1. It shall levy and collect income tax on employees of the Federal Government and international organizations. Consistent with sub-Article 1 of this Article, States shall have the following powers and functions: To establish a State administration that best advances self-government, a democratic order based on the rule of law; to protect and defend the Federal Constitution; To enact and execute the State constitution and other laws; To formulate and execute economic, social and development policies, strategies and plans of the State; To administer land and other natural resources in accordance with Federal laws; To establish and administer a state police force, and to maintain public order and peace within the State; Members of the House are representatives of the Ethiopian People as a whole. (e) When the division of assets is effected in a manner prescribed by law. (b) In the case of conscientious objectors, any service exacted in lieu of compulsory military service; Article 51 " Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the. Marriage of an Ethiopian national of either sex to a foreign national shall not annul his or her Ethiopian nationality. Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely in economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice anywhere within the national territory. He shall proclaim in the Negarit Gazeta laws and international agreements approved by the House of Peoples Representatives in accordance with the Constitution. This right includes the right to form trade unions and other associations to bargain collectively with employers or other organizations that affect their interests. 3. The term of mandate of the House of the Federation shall be five years. 3. It shall establish a Human Rights Commission and determine by law its powers and functions. 3. 12. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shall be respected. Particulars relating to nationality shall be determined by law. It shall ensure the proper execution of financial and monetary policies of the country; it shall administer the National Bank, decide on the printing of money and minting of coins, borrow money from domestic and external sources, and regulate foreign exchange matters. 1. 3. Unless otherwise provided in the Constitution, all decisions of the House shall be by a majority vote of the members present and voting. It shall exercise the powers concurrently entrusted to it and to the House of Peoples Representatives. The Constitution specifically mentions three categories of persons who have special rights related to land. All Federal and State legislative, executive and judicial organs at all levels shall have the responsibility and duty to respect and enforce the provisions of this Chapter. 2. In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, a law giving recognition to marriage concluded under systems of religious or customary laws may be enacted. 1. 1. Similarly, Article 13.2 provides that fundamental rights and freedoms shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and International instruments adopted by Ethiopia. To examine and decide in accordance with Article 79 (4) of the Constitution, matters presented to it pursuant to article 9 herein. No one shall be subject to coercion or other means which would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of his choice. 4. The Federal Government and the States shall share revenue taking the federal arrangement into account. It shall elect the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House, and it shall adopt rules of procedure and internal administration. Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly, in a language they understand, of the reasons for their arrest and of any charge against them. States shall levy and collect profit, sales, excise and personal income taxes on income of enterprises owned by the States. To promote policies of foreign relations based on the protection of national interests and respect for the sovereignty of the country. 2. The presence at a meeting of two-thirds of the members of the House of the Federation constitutes a quorum. They shall also exercise the Jurisdiction of the Federal High Court. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. A political party, or a coalition of political parties that has the greatest number of seats in the House of Peoples Representatives shall form the Executive and lead it. 1. If the House is dissolved pursuant to sub-Article 1 or 2 of this Article, new elections shall be held within six months of its dissolution. 3. Every person has the right to life. It shall, on the basis of the joint decision of the House, give directives to the concerned State authorities. The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is the Head of State. When the Council that received the demand has organized a referendum within one year to be held in the Nation, Nationality or People that made the demand; All persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment. According to Article 75 of the constitution, Ethiopia shall have one Deputy Prime Minister. Article 51 A of the Indian constitution ( Fundamental duties) The Fundamental Duties are portrayed as the entirety of residents' honest conviction to add to advancing enthusiasm and the security of India's attachment. 7 Although Ethiopia's extraterritoriality regime was weaker than other extraterritoriality regimes, for example in East . The conduct of affairs of government shall be transparent. The Ethiopia-Tigray peace agreement is a peace treaty signed between the government of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) on 2 November 2022, [1] where both parties agreed to a "permanent cessation of hostilities" to end the Tigray War. 2. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on incomes derived from large-scale mining and all petroleum and gas operations, and royalties on such operations. Provides legal education through the use of various methods with a view to raising public legal consciousness in relation to the protection of human rights; cooperate with the appropriate bodies regarding legal education and training; Undertakes legal reform studies and carry out the codification and consolidation of federal laws; collect regional State laws and consolidate. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sources reserved to the Federal Government; it shall draw up, approve and administer the Federal Governments budget. We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia: Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to self-determination, to building a political community founded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace, guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our economic and social development; Firmly convinced that the fulfillment of this objective requires full respect of individual and people's fundamental freedoms and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any sexual, religious or cultural discrimination; Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich and proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited, have, through continuous interaction on various levels and forms of life, built up common interests and have also contributed to the emergence of a common outlook; Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served by rectifying historically unjust relationships and by further promoting our shared interests; Convinced that to live as one economic community is necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually supportive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests; Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and sacrifices have brought about; Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this Constitution through representatives we have duly elected for this purpose as an instrument that binds us in a mutual commitment to fulfill the objectives and the principles set forth above. A member of either House shall vacate his seat if elected President. He shall discharge all responsibilities entrusted to him by this Constitution and other laws. Elections to positions of responsibility with any of the organizations referred to under sub-Article 2 of this Article shall be conducted in a free and democratic manner. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have a parliamentarian form of government. 52. 7. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular have the right to improved living standards and to sustainable development. Article 51 (14) of the constitution authorizes the Federal Government to deploy the federal defense forces within the State but only to arrest a deteriorating security situation within the requesting State when its authorities are unable to control . 8. States shall levy and collect profit, sales, excise and personal income taxes on income of enterprises owned by the States. States shall establish State Supreme, High and First-Instance Courts. 1. Government shall endeavour to protect and promote the health, welfare and living standards of the working population of the country. The House of the Federation shall submit its budget for approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives. 3. Introduction. The Federal Supreme Court shall have the highest and final judicial power over Federal matters. During proceedings accused persons have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law and not to be compelled to testify against themselves. To forge and promote ever growing economic union and fraternal relations of Peoples with Ethiopias neighbours and other African countries. The armed forces shall protect the sovereignty of the country and carry out any responsibilities as may be assigned to them under any state of emergency declared in accordance with the Constitution. 2. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 2. Before 1931, the Ethiopian Empire had no formal written constitution. [82][83][84], Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Federal Judicial Administration Commission, "The Search for a Functioning Democracy in Ethiopia: Surveying the Utilities of Presidentialism, Semi-Presidentialism, Parliamentarianism, and Consociationalism", "Refworld | Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "ETHIOPIA JUNE 21, 2021 NATIONAL ELECTIONS REPORT", "REFORMING THE ETHIOPIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM", "Briefing: The Ethiopian 2010 Federal and Regional Elections: Re-Establishing the One-Party State", "House of Peoples' Representatives of Ethiopia", "Challenges of Ethnic Representation in Ethiopia", "Article 61-68 Ethiopian Constitution 1994", "Elections in Ethiopia 2021 General Elections", "The Jurisprudence and Approaches of Constitutional", "Analysis of the unique feature of the SNNPR constitution with the FDRE constitution", "The Politics of Ethnonational Accommodation Under a Dominant Party Regime: Ethiopia's Three Decades' Experience", "Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1994", "Central Control and Regional States' Autonomy in Ethiopia", "Ethiopia administrative regions and chartered cities", "CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA", "Draft FDRE ConstitutionEthiopian Legal Brief", "The politics of sub-national constitutions and local government in Ethiopia", "Constitution of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "Practices and Challenges of Local Government in Promoting Development and Democracy", "Federalism, Local Government and Minority Protection in Ethiopia: Opportunities and Challenges", "The judiciary and its role in the realisation of constitutional rights", "Institutional Independence of Federal Courts in Ethiopia: Observations (Amharic)", "Human Rights Matters in the New Millennium: The Critical Need for an Independent Judiciary in Ethiopia", "The Road Towards Judicial Integrity at the Federal Courts of Ethiopia", "The Supreme Court of Ethiopia: Federalism's Bystander", "Separation of powers and its implications for the judiciary in Ethiopia", "Towards a Comprehensive Prosecution Service in Ethiopia", "UPDATE: Introduction to the Ethiopian Legal System and Legal Research - GlobaLex", "MAJOR CHANGES ON THE FEDERAL COURTS PROCLAMATION", "FSC Cassation Decisions by Volumes | Abyssinia Law", "FEDERAL DEMOCRATICE REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA", "Ethiopia - Federal Judicial Administration Commission Establishment Proclamation (No. It shall approve general policies and strategies of economic, social and development, and fiscal and monetary policy of the country. Members of the House are representatives of the Ethiopian People as a whole. Brief Description. The House may adjourn for one month of recess during its annual session. 4. Article 5. The Federal Government shall have the power to audit and inspect the proportionate development of States. The federal government can, as a result of this vague drafting, enact policies in a potentially wide range of areas. 4. The House of Peoples Representatives shall allocate compensatory budgets for States whose Supreme and High courts concurrently exercise the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court and Federal First-Instance Courts. Their sovereignty shall be expressed through their representatives elected in accordance with this Constitution and through their direct democratic participation. It shall establish and administer national defence and public security forces as well as a federal police force. 6. Central Government Act Article 51 in The Constitution Of India 1949 51. 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